The decomposition process in coal liquefaction is consisting of pyrolysis, solvent extraction and liquefaction processes directly or indirectly [2] [3][4]. The pyrolysis reaction is a complex ...
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Coal to liquid technology includes direct coal liquefaction (DCL), indirect coal liquefaction (ICL), coal to methanol to gasoline (CTMTG), and coal tar hydrogenation (CTH) (Xie, 2021; Zhang et al ...
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Other thermochemical conversion technologies are under development for coprocessing biomass and fossil fuels. During the coliquefaction of coal with biomass, lower liquefaction temperature of coal and higher liquid products yield than those predicted by mathematic models are obtained as a result of the synergetic effect.
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1Solidhydrocarbonfuelprocessingandtechnology103 4 Directliquefaction (DCL)processes andtechnology forcoalandbiomass conversion105 C. BurgessCliffordandC.
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Introduction. Direct coal liquefaction (DCL), invented by Friedrich Bergius in 1913 [1], encompasses the catalytic conversion of coal by hydrogen and high temperatures in presence of a solvent and was used to produce transportation fuels on a commercial scale in the first half of the past century especially in Germany and Great Britain [2], [3], [4].
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In this process, coal with moderate amount of biomass is converted into syncrude through reaction with Hdonor solvent and gaseous hydrogen in a catalytic twostage liquefaction unit.
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Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
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Coal Liquefaction Technology and Status ... Coal Conversion Processes Carbonization and Pyrolysis Low severity (mild gasification) High temperature Direct Liquefaction ... Shenhua DCL Process ; Miller EIA 2007 03/28/07 Department of Energy ; 15 ;
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To meet future demand in motor fuels, coal will play a key role in areas with large coal resources and lacking crude oils. Axens' direct coal liquefaction (DCL) process is available to produce ...
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Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) commonly refers to catalytic hydrogenation of coal in a recycled oil solvent at high pressures with a catalyst. While a range of process configurations have been proposed, the most common version involves at least two high pressure slurry reactors in a series using a dispersed ironbased catalyst and hydrogen ...
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When considering the development of coal liquefaction process using syngas, in addition to the above typical processes, hydrothermal liquefaction process is a technology worthy of reference. Hydrothermal liquefaction [110], [111], [112] is an effective and emerging technology that can convert both coals and biomass containing high moisture ...
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ICL includes two steps; in the first step, coal is converted into syngas ( Coal+H2OCO+H2), and during the last step, syngas is synthesized in the presence of a catalyst into liquid fuels.
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The term ''coaltoliquids'' (CTL) refers to conversion of solid coal into liquid fuels and chemicals through either of two principle,11 Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) involves ...
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With appropriate product upgrading, synthetic fuels produced from the DCL process can be directly used in the current motor engines. However, similar to other coal liquefaction processes, the DCL process has not been widely commercialized mainly because of economic uncertainty, high CO 2 emission, and high capital cost [1], [2].
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Generally, Fig. 1 shows the distinct difference between the direct and indirect liquefaction processes. Importantly, DCL consists of many steps for the conversion of coal to PA (preasphaltenes) and AS (asphaltenes), and subsequently to gas, oil, and residue [60]. Download : Download highres image (180KB) Download : Download fullsize image ...
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Direct liquefaction (DCL) processes and technology for coal and biomass conversion C. B. Clifford Chunshan Song Chemistry 2011 Abstract: This chapter focuses on liquefaction of solids, primarily coal and biomass sources such as lignin. In a twostep process the molecular structure is broken into fragments and hydrogenated,. Expand 4
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Coal can also be liquefied directly into liquid fuels through direct coal liquefaction (DCL) processes at around 450500 °C under 1530 MPa H 2 in a suitable solvent with appropriate catalysts [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. In many processes, the solvent used can facilitate the heat and mass transfer during chemical reactions, and function as a ...
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For the most highly developed processes, coal conversion can be as high as 90% on a mineral ash free basis, with a C 5+ distillate yield up to 75% and hydrogen consumption of 57% wt. When an external catalyst is used, it is typically some combination of cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum on a solid acid support such as silicaalumina [].In slurry hydrogenation processes, catalyst lifetime is ...
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The direct coal liquidation is a technology for the clean conversion of coal into light fuel oil and high valueadded chemical products. ... (CoaltoLiquid) [30, 35] and biomass (Biomassto ...
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Pyrolysis is one of the prospective processes that can be utilized to obtain high value chemicals and energy from coal and biomass. Coalbiomass copyrolysis presents a green, lowrisk, cheap ...
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The growing demand for petroleum, accompanied by the declining petroleum reserves and the concerns over energy security, has intensified the interest in direct coal liquefaction (DCL), particularly in countries such as China which is rich in coal resources, but short of petroleum. In addition to a general introduction on the mechanisms and processes of DCL, this paper overviews some recent ...
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The environmental footprint of coal liquefaction processes can usually be reduced by coprocessing coal and biomass and applying CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) technology but at the cost of higher ...
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Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) is a promising technology to convert coal into oil, especially for countries where coals dominate fossil energy resources [1]. ... Coal utilization processes and their application to waste recycling and biomass conversion. Fuel (1994) Wang et al. ... were prepared by a solidstate insitu impregnation and ...
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Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) is a suitable way of producing synthetic fuels from lowrank coals, especially when the wastederived materials are coprocessed during the process.
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CoaltoLiquids (CTL) is a technology based on the liquefaction of coal using three basic approaches; pyrolysis, direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) [6] . Historical overview. CTL is an old technique, developed at the beginning of the 20 th century and has recently attracted attention once more.
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